Forks in the road to e-mobility: An evaluation of instrument interaction in national policy mixes in northwest Europe

Marc Dijk*, Eric Iversen, Antje Klitkou, René Kemp, Simon Bolwig, Mads Borup, Peter Møllgaard

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review

Abstract

This paper evaluates how policy shaped the emergence of electric mobility in three countries, Norway, the Netherlands and Denmark, between 2010 and 2015. Whereas previous studies have looked at the effects of separate policy instruments, this paper gives insights in the interaction effects of instruments on the diffusion of battery electric cars between five policy areas. Based on analysis of synergetic, contradictory and pre-conditional effects, we find that an effective policy mix includes: fiscal incentives that mirror the actual carbon footprint of the respective vehicles; non-fiscal demand-side incentives; centrally financed and/or coordinated charging infrastructure; clarity regarding the choice of technology that will be supported. Moreover, development of a domestic, e-mobility-related industry and a high share of renewable energy strengthens the legitimization of e-mobility support. The findings help designing policy mixes in the transition to electric mobility.
Original languageEnglish
Article number475
JournalEnergies
Volume13
Issue number2
ISSN1996-1073
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2020
Externally publishedYes

Keywords

  • E-mobility
  • Electric vehicles
  • Policy evaluation
  • Policy mixes
  • Transition policy

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