Conclusion

The conclusion brings together the findings of the empirical chapters to discuss the broader implications of laggards’ role in implementing the European Green Deal. The chapter not only discusses the findings in relation to the analytical framework but contributes to the debate about the EU's role in promoting sustainability transitions both at home and abroad, especially in relation to just transition. Specifically, the chapter discusses the role of the EU as a normative power with an instrumental toolbox, which it uses in its external relations to support sustainability transitions abroad. Additionally, the chapter discusses the implications of the energy crisis and the invasion of Ukraine for the implementation of the European Green Deal, arguing that the long-term impact of the crisis may have a positive effect on sustainability transition. The chapter concludes that there is need for further research especially on aspects concerning social justice and global equity to better understand the challenges of implementing the European Green Deal at home and abroad.