What to do when co-creation clashes with old public governance paradigms?

This chapter introduces the increasingly important concept of co-creation and defines it vis-à-vis neighbouring concepts. It locates co-creation within the broad field of New Public Governance and provides examples of how co-creation may clash with existing elements from governance paradigms, such as Old Public Administration and New Public Management. Finally, it demonstrates the need for public managers to cope with these clashes, which tend to give rise to a series of conflicts, dilemmas and paradoxes that hamper the adoption of co-creation as a tool of governance and to prevent public and private actors from reaping its various fruits.