What is the future of work based learning in VET?

Dual systems of vocational education and training that build on the tradition of apprenticeship have many attractive qualities, seen from a political perspective. VET systems that comprise a significant amount of work-based training, provide a valuable alternative for young people who chose not to pursue an academic career. Countries with strong apprenticeship systems tend to have less youth unemployment and a smoother transition to the labour market than others. Furthermore, from a learning perspective, the outcomes of work-based training and informal learning are enhanced when they are combined with formal education in a dual system. But historically in many countries, apprenticeship has given way to school-based forms of VET and dual systems are only dominant in a limited number of countries. Furthermore, the integration of work-based training in an educational programme involves many challenges that question the future role and organisation of work-based training in VET. The purpose of this paper is to examine these challenges based on a review of research on European VET systems and analyses of the Danish dual system of VET. In the end of the paper, some innovative solutions to these challenges are discussed based on experiences from other European countries.