The Design Pattern of Participatory Urban Design for the “-Able City”: Applying Copenhagen’s Pattern to Japanese Case

The “smart city” concept has been a dominant model in urban planning, promising efficiency and sustainability through digital technologies. However, the approach prioritizes technology over human and cultural factors, overlooking social inequalities and public engagement. In response, the new “-able city” concepts proposed as an alternative, focusing on citizen empowerment, participation, and local resources to shape urban development. The aim of the study examines Copenhagen’s human-centric urban planning as a case study to develop a “Pattern Language for -able city” applicable to Japanese cities. Field research was conducted in Copenhagen from September 30 to October 2, 2024, involving visits to six key urban development sites and interviews with seven stakeholders. The methodology followed a structured process: (1) research design and preparation, (2) fieldwork involving observations and interviews, and (3) analysis using the KJ method to extract and refine patterns. The resulting 15 design patterns were categorized into four hierarchical levels—System, Process, Function, and Mindset—forming an ecological diagram for urban design. These patterns offer valuable lessons for Japan, where urban planning is often technology-driven and centralized. The study suggests integrating these approaches into policymaking and urban projects to create more inclusive, participatory, and sustainable cities. Future work includes refining the pattern language for practical application, developing tools such as pattern cards, and conducting pilot projects in Japanese cities to test and adapt the patterns. By institutionalizing citizen participation and fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration, Japan can shift towards a more human-centered urban development model inspired by Copenhagen’s success.