Les PSE-eau à Madagascar: une gouvernance à deux vitesses

Several small Payment for Environmental Services (PES) projects are being implemented in Madagascar to manage drainage basins led by different NGOs. However, there is still no national policy regarding payments for hydraulic services at the country level. State services slowly organize but small-scale water-PES projects seem to develop, despite obstacles. This paper aims at questioning this "two-tier governance": why are not hydraulic services sales a national emergency like carbon ? In this context, how NGOs manage to launch local PES ? Which tools do they have ? Can we characterize these dynamics as a new water governance regime ? Through interviews with water management officials at national and regional scales, with project stakeholders and an analysis of three water-PES, we suggest research hypotheses and delineate perspectives for the governance of these projects.