@phdthesis{acf83990a0c211db9f01000ea68e967b,
title = "Interactions among contaminant exposure route, kinetics and toxicity in marine deposit-feeders",
abstract = "Many of the chemicals having the greatest likelihood of causing damage in ecological systems, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals are of persistent and/or hydrophobic character. Deposit-feeders may be important in facilitating the removal of organic contaminants from bulk sediment, but there is a lack of understanding of the factors controlling toxicant bioavailability, especially for sediment-associated contaminants. Traditionally, contaminant effects are assessed by exposing aquatic organisms to the dissolved phase alone under the assumption that only the dissolved phase of a contaminant is bioavailable. The relationship among different combinations of exposure route (water vs. sediment), kinetics (i.e. uptake, internal fate, elimination) and toxicity were investigated in the polychaete Capitella species I and the brittle star Amphiura filiformis. Fluoranthene was used as the organic model compound, and cadmium (Cd) as the inorganic compound. Worms were exposed either to dissolved (i.e. <0.45 µm) Flu/Cd (WO), both to dissolved and sediment-bound Flu (PWS) or to Cd bound in algal cells (AO). Hence, worms in WO were starved during exposure, whereas worms in PWS and AO were allowed to feed. Brittle stars were kept in a flow-through system on sediment mixed with Flu and organic matter of different quality. Contaminant effects were examined as growth- and egestion rates in worms and as arm-regeneration rate in brittle stars. It is clear from the results presented in this thesis, and earlier published literature, that exposure route does matter both for toxicokinetics and toxicity (i.e. critical body residue) of inorganic- and organic contaminants. Exposure to dissolved contaminants resulted in a lower body-burden, reduced elimination rate and increased toxicity (i.e. lower CBR) relative to dietary uptake in Capitella sp. I. However, it is not possible to entirely separate effects of starvation from effects of exposure route. Capitella sp. I was capable of rapid biotransformation of Flu regardless of exposure route, whereas Flu biotransformation by brittle stars remained limited and unaffected by organic matter quality. Organic matter quality associated with ingested sediment particles did not affect net accumulation in A. filiformis, and bioaccumulation was not a result of equilibrium partitioning between organism lipid content and organic content of the sediment. The equilibrium partitioning model predicted a much lower concentration of total Flu than measured which questions the ability of this model to adequately predict porewater concentrations of compounds like Flu. Capitella sp. I affected the fate of Flu primarily by biotransformation, whereas A. filiformis enhanced the downward transport of Flu in sediment. This thesis highlights the importance of particle ingestion as a pathway whereby contaminants can enter benthic food webs and of tracing both parent compound and metabolic products in all compartments of benthic systems. Therefore, in order to develop reliable and more ecologically relevant methods for use in risk assessment, relationships among adverse effects, time-dependent availability, internal transport and potential for trophic transfer need to be addressed.",
keywords = "Eksponeringsveje, Biotilg{\ae}ngelighed, Toksikokinetik, Biotransformation, Subcellul{\ae}r distribution, Toksicitet, Trofisk transport, B{\o}rsteorm, Slangestjerne, PAH, Metal, Organisk materiale, Exposure route, Bioavailability, Toxicokinetics, Biotransformation, Subcellular distribution, Toxicity, Trophic transfer, Polychaete, Brittle star, PAH, Metal, Sediment organic matter",
author = "Henriette Selck",
year = "2003",
language = "English",
publisher = "Roskilde Universitet",
}