Innovative outcomes in public-private innovation partnerships: A systematic review of empirical evidence and current challenges

Governments and businesses increasingly collaborate to innovate public services through public-private innovation partnerships (PPI), yet little is known about whether and how innovation is achieved. Based on a systematic review of thirty-three international studies, published between 2004 and 2018, this article shows that half of the PPIs examined resulted in innovation. The results from the review are integrated into an analytical framework that posits how nine structural, collaborative process and participant factors influence innovation in PPIs. Finally, the article calls for further research to develop consistent criteria for measuring innovation and more empirical studies to document innovative outcomes in PPIs