TY - JOUR
T1 - Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Wind Turbine Noise on Redemption of Sleep Medication and Antidepressants: A Nationwide Cohort Study
AU - Poulsen, Aslak Harbo
AU - Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole
AU - Peña, Alfredo
AU - Hahmann, Andrea N.
AU - Nordsborg, Rikke Baastrup
AU - Ketzel, Matthias
AU - Brandt, Jørgen
AU - Sørensen, Mette
PY - 2019/3
Y1 - 2019/3
N2 - Background:Noise from wind turbines (WTs) is associated with annoyance and, potentially, sleep disturbances.Objectives:Our objective was to investigate whether long-term WT noise (WTN) exposure is associated with the redemption of prescriptions for sleep medication and antidepressants.MethodsFor all Danish dwellings within a radius of 20-WTheights and for 25% of randomly selected dwellings within a radius of 20-to 40-WTheights, we estimated nighttime outdoor and low-frequency (LF) indoor WTN, using information on WT type and simulated hourly wind. During follow-up from 1996 to 2013, 68,696 adults redeemed sleep medication and 82,373 redeemed antidepressants, from eligible populations of 583,968 and 584,891, respectively. We used Poisson regression with adjustment for individual and area-level covariates.Results:Five-year mean outdoor nighttime WTN of ≥42 dBwas associated with a hazard ratio (HR) = 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI]: 0.98, 1.33) for sleep medication and HR = 1.17 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.35) for antidepressants (compared with exposure to WTN of <24 dB). We found no overall association with indoor nighttime LF WTN. In age-stratified analyses, the association with outdoor nighttime WTN was strongest among persons ≥65y of age, with HRs (95% CIs) for the highest exposure group (≥42 dB) of 1.68 (1.27, 2.21) for sleep medication and 1.23 (0.90, 1.69) for antidepressants. For indoor nighttime LF WTN, the HRs (95% CIs) among persons ≥65y of age exposed to ≥15 dBwere 1.37 (0.81, 2.31) for sleep medication and 1.34 (0.80, 2.22) for antidepressants.Conclusions:We observed high levels of outdoor WTN to be associated with redemption of sleep medication and antidepressants among the elderly, suggesting that WTN may potentially be associated with sleep and mental health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3909
AB - Background:Noise from wind turbines (WTs) is associated with annoyance and, potentially, sleep disturbances.Objectives:Our objective was to investigate whether long-term WT noise (WTN) exposure is associated with the redemption of prescriptions for sleep medication and antidepressants.MethodsFor all Danish dwellings within a radius of 20-WTheights and for 25% of randomly selected dwellings within a radius of 20-to 40-WTheights, we estimated nighttime outdoor and low-frequency (LF) indoor WTN, using information on WT type and simulated hourly wind. During follow-up from 1996 to 2013, 68,696 adults redeemed sleep medication and 82,373 redeemed antidepressants, from eligible populations of 583,968 and 584,891, respectively. We used Poisson regression with adjustment for individual and area-level covariates.Results:Five-year mean outdoor nighttime WTN of ≥42 dBwas associated with a hazard ratio (HR) = 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI]: 0.98, 1.33) for sleep medication and HR = 1.17 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.35) for antidepressants (compared with exposure to WTN of <24 dB). We found no overall association with indoor nighttime LF WTN. In age-stratified analyses, the association with outdoor nighttime WTN was strongest among persons ≥65y of age, with HRs (95% CIs) for the highest exposure group (≥42 dB) of 1.68 (1.27, 2.21) for sleep medication and 1.23 (0.90, 1.69) for antidepressants. For indoor nighttime LF WTN, the HRs (95% CIs) among persons ≥65y of age exposed to ≥15 dBwere 1.37 (0.81, 2.31) for sleep medication and 1.34 (0.80, 2.22) for antidepressants.Conclusions:We observed high levels of outdoor WTN to be associated with redemption of sleep medication and antidepressants among the elderly, suggesting that WTN may potentially be associated with sleep and mental health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3909
U2 - 10.1289/EHP3909
DO - 10.1289/EHP3909
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0091-6765
VL - 127
JO - Environmental Health Perspectives
JF - Environmental Health Perspectives
IS - 3
M1 - 037005
ER -