From Militant Democracy to Normal Politics? How European Democracies Respond to Populist Parties

Problems With Militant Democracy And Democratic Defence Approaches - A New Typology Of Initiatives Opposing Populist Parties: Democratic Defence As ‘Normal Politics’ - Populist Opponents: Public Authorities, Parties And Civil Society - Tolerant And Intolerant Modes Of Engagement With Populists - Intolerant Initiatives Opposing Populist Parties - Rights Restrictions By Public Authorities – Ostracism By Political Parties – Coercive Confrontation By Civil Society Actors – Tolerant Initiatives Opposing Populist Parties - ‘Ordinary’ Legal Controls And Pedagogy By Public Authorities – Forbearance By Political Parties – Adversarialism By Civil Society Actors.