Challenges for work-based learning in vocational education and training in the Nordic Countries

Dual systems of vocational education and training that build on the tradition of apprenticeship, have many attractive qualities, seen from a political perspective. VET systems that comprise a significant amount of work-based training, provide a valuable alternative for young people who chose not to pursue an academic career. Countries with strong apprenticeship systems tend to have less youth unemployment and a smoother transition to the labour market than others. Furthermore, from a learning perspective, the outcomes of work-based training and informal learning are enhanced when they are combined with formal education in a dual system. In all the Nordic Countries full time work based apprenticeship has given way to more school-based forms of VET – though to very different extent: Sweden has integrated VET in a comprehensive Gymnasium while Denmark has maintained the apprenticeship model. The evolution of VET in the Nordic Countries shows that the integration of work-based training in an educational programme involves many challenges that question the future role and organisation of work-based training in VET. These challenges are examined in this chapter based mainly on analyses of the Danish dual system of VET and comparisons with the other Nordic Countries. In the end innovative solutions to these challenges are discussed and experiences from other European countries are examined.